Impact of Proactive Personality and Career Adaptability on In-Role Performance through Job Crafting and Work Engagement in Indonesian Millennial Generation
Keywords:
Work Engagement, Millennial Generation, Performance, Job Crafting, Proactive Personality
Abstract
This paper aims to examine whether proactive personality and career adaptability can predict work engagement and in-role performance through the utilization of job crafting behaviors, which have been analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS SEM). The study postulated that employees demonstrating proactive personality and career adaptability are more likely to actively shape their roles to enhance their engagement and performance. By integrating findings from prior research, an overarching model has been developed that can be utilized to cultivate work engagement and enhance in-role performance within contemporary workplaces. Data were collected from a sample of 180 millennial employees working in various organizations. The findings revealed that employees possessing proactive personality and career adaptability were most inclined to engage in job crafting, which in turn positively influenced their work engagement and performance. The majority of the results provided support for the hypothesized relationships. Job crafting was identified as a full mediator between career adaptability and work engagement, while the direct relationship between career adaptability and work engagement was not found to be statistically significant.
References
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Bakker, A. B. (2011). An evidence-based model of work engagement. In Current Directions in Psychological Science (Vol. 20, Issue 4, pp. 265–269). https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004
Bakker, A. B., Tims, M., & Derks, D. (2012). Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement. Human Relations, 65(10), 1359–1378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712453471
Barreiro, C. A., & Treglown, L. (2020). What makes an engaged employee? A facet-level approach to trait emotional intelligence as a predictor of employee engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109892
Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. In Journal Of Organizational Behavior (Vol. 14).
Bunyag Arcega, I., Dadivas, R. O., & Dariagan, J. D. (2022). Post-Millennials Stressors, Ego Resilience, Gratitude, and Life Satisfaction: The Basis for Mental Health Program.
Chen, Z., Eisenberger, R., Johnson, K., Sucharski, I., & Aselage, J. (2009). Perceived organizational support and extra-role performance: Which leads to which? Journal of Social Psychology, 149(1), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.149.1.119-124
Cooke, F. L., Cooper, B., Bartram, T., Wang, J., & Mei, H. (2019). Mapping the relationships between high-performance work systems, employee resilience and engagement: a study of the banking industry in China. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(8), 1239–1260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1137618
Cotter, E. W., & Fouad, N. A. (2013). Examining Burnout and Engagement in Layoff Survivors: The Role of Personal Strengths. Journal of Career Development, 40(5), 424–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845312466957
Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 435–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600304
Federici, E., Boon, C., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2021). The moderating role of HR practices on the career adaptability–job crafting relationship: a study among employee–manager dyads. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(6), 1339–1367. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1522656
Giménez-Espert, M. del C., Prado-Gascó, V., & Soto-Rubio, A. (2020). Psychosocial Risks, Work Engagement, and Job Satisfaction of Nurses During COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.566896
Gulyani, G., & Sharma, T. (2018). Total rewards components and work happiness in new ventures: The mediating role of work engagement. Evidence-Based HRM, 6(3), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-12-2017-0063
Gupta, M. (2019). Does work engagement mediate the perceived career support- and career adaptability- work performance relationship? Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, 12(2), 310–327. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGOSS-08-2017-0032
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis Eighth Edition. www.cengage.com/highered
Hui, L., Qun, W., Nazir, S., Mengyu, Z., Asadullah, M. A., & Khadim, S. (2020). Organizational identification perceptions and millennials’ creativity: testing the mediating role of work engagement and the moderating role of work values. European Journal of Innovation Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-04-2020-0165
Kaushik, M., & Guleria, N. (2020). The Impact of Pandemic COVID -19 in Workplace. European Journal of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.7176/ejbm/12-15-02
Lu, C. qin, Wang, H. jiang, Lu, J. jing, Du, D. yang, & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Does work engagement increase person-job fit? The role of job crafting and job insecurity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(2), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.12.004
Motowidlo, S. J., & Van Scotter, J. R. (1994). Evidence That Task Performance Should Be Distinguished From Contextual Performance. In Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 79, Issue 4).
Nguyen, H. M., Nguyen, C., Ngo, T. T., & Nguyen, L. V. (2019). The effects of job crafting on work engagement and work performance: A study of Vietnamese commercial banks. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 6(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2019.vol6.no2.189
O’Connell, D. J., McNeely, E., & Hall, D. T. (2008). Unpacking personal adaptability at work. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 14(3), 248–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071791907311005
Othman, R., Kamal, N. M., Alias, N. E., Ismail, S., & Sahiq, A. N. Md. (2018). Positive Psychological Traits and Career Adaptability among Millennials. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i9/4706
Rinker, M., Khare, C., Padhye, S., & Fayman, K. (2021). Industry 4.0 digital transformation conference: Has the pandemic accelerated digital transformation? Journal of Advanced Manufacturing and Processing, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/amp2.10075
Rudolph, C. W., Katz, I. M., Lavigne, K. N., & Zacher, H. (2017). Job crafting: A meta-analysis of relationships with individual differences, job characteristics, and work outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 102, 112–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.05.008
Savickas, M. L. (1994). Vocational Psychology in the Postmodern Era: Comment on Richardson (1993). In Journal of Counseling Psychology (Vol. 41, Issue 1).
Savickas, M. L. (1997). Career adaptability: An integrative construct for life-span, life-space theory. Career Development Quarterly, 45(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1997.tb00469.x
Savickas, M. L. (2010). Life Design A Paradigm for Career Intervention in the 21st Century.
Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2011). Revision of the career maturity inventory: The adaptability form. Journal of Career Assessment, 19(4), 355–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711409342
Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The Measurement Of Engagement And Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach.
Seibert, S. E., Crant, M., & Kraimer, M. L. (1999). Proactive Personality and Career Suceess.
Shin, Y., Hur, W. M., & Choi, W. H. (2020). Coworker support as a double-edged sword: a moderated mediation model of job crafting, work engagement, and job performance. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(11), 1417–1438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1407352
Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.009
Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Derks, D., & van Rhenen, W. (2013). Job Crafting at the Team and Individual Level: Implications for Work Engagement and Performance. Group & Organization Management, 38(4), 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601113492421
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-Role Behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305
Yiwen, F., & Hahn, J. (2021). Job insecurity in the covid‐19 pandemic on counterproductive work behavior of millennials: A time‐lagged mediated and moderated model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168354
Zhu, G., Wolff, S. B., Hall, D. T. (Tim), Heras, M. Las, Gutierrez, B., & Kram, K. (2013). Too much or too little? A study of the impact of career complexity on executive adaptability. Career Development International, 18(5), 457–483. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-07-2012-0067.
Bailey, C., Madden, A., Alfes, K., & Fletcher, L. (2015). The Meaning, Antecedents and Outcomes of Employee Engagement: A Narrative Synthesis. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12077
Bakker, A. B. (2011). An evidence-based model of work engagement. In Current Directions in Psychological Science (Vol. 20, Issue 4, pp. 265–269). https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004
Bakker, A. B., Tims, M., & Derks, D. (2012). Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement. Human Relations, 65(10), 1359–1378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712453471
Barreiro, C. A., & Treglown, L. (2020). What makes an engaged employee? A facet-level approach to trait emotional intelligence as a predictor of employee engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109892
Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. In Journal Of Organizational Behavior (Vol. 14).
Bunyag Arcega, I., Dadivas, R. O., & Dariagan, J. D. (2022). Post-Millennials Stressors, Ego Resilience, Gratitude, and Life Satisfaction: The Basis for Mental Health Program.
Chen, Z., Eisenberger, R., Johnson, K., Sucharski, I., & Aselage, J. (2009). Perceived organizational support and extra-role performance: Which leads to which? Journal of Social Psychology, 149(1), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.149.1.119-124
Cooke, F. L., Cooper, B., Bartram, T., Wang, J., & Mei, H. (2019). Mapping the relationships between high-performance work systems, employee resilience and engagement: a study of the banking industry in China. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(8), 1239–1260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1137618
Cotter, E. W., & Fouad, N. A. (2013). Examining Burnout and Engagement in Layoff Survivors: The Role of Personal Strengths. Journal of Career Development, 40(5), 424–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845312466957
Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 435–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600304
Federici, E., Boon, C., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2021). The moderating role of HR practices on the career adaptability–job crafting relationship: a study among employee–manager dyads. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(6), 1339–1367. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1522656
Giménez-Espert, M. del C., Prado-Gascó, V., & Soto-Rubio, A. (2020). Psychosocial Risks, Work Engagement, and Job Satisfaction of Nurses During COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.566896
Gulyani, G., & Sharma, T. (2018). Total rewards components and work happiness in new ventures: The mediating role of work engagement. Evidence-Based HRM, 6(3), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-12-2017-0063
Gupta, M. (2019). Does work engagement mediate the perceived career support- and career adaptability- work performance relationship? Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, 12(2), 310–327. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGOSS-08-2017-0032
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis Eighth Edition. www.cengage.com/highered
Hui, L., Qun, W., Nazir, S., Mengyu, Z., Asadullah, M. A., & Khadim, S. (2020). Organizational identification perceptions and millennials’ creativity: testing the mediating role of work engagement and the moderating role of work values. European Journal of Innovation Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-04-2020-0165
Kaushik, M., & Guleria, N. (2020). The Impact of Pandemic COVID -19 in Workplace. European Journal of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.7176/ejbm/12-15-02
Lu, C. qin, Wang, H. jiang, Lu, J. jing, Du, D. yang, & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Does work engagement increase person-job fit? The role of job crafting and job insecurity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(2), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.12.004
Motowidlo, S. J., & Van Scotter, J. R. (1994). Evidence That Task Performance Should Be Distinguished From Contextual Performance. In Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 79, Issue 4).
Nguyen, H. M., Nguyen, C., Ngo, T. T., & Nguyen, L. V. (2019). The effects of job crafting on work engagement and work performance: A study of Vietnamese commercial banks. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 6(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2019.vol6.no2.189
O’Connell, D. J., McNeely, E., & Hall, D. T. (2008). Unpacking personal adaptability at work. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 14(3), 248–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071791907311005
Othman, R., Kamal, N. M., Alias, N. E., Ismail, S., & Sahiq, A. N. Md. (2018). Positive Psychological Traits and Career Adaptability among Millennials. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i9/4706
Rinker, M., Khare, C., Padhye, S., & Fayman, K. (2021). Industry 4.0 digital transformation conference: Has the pandemic accelerated digital transformation? Journal of Advanced Manufacturing and Processing, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/amp2.10075
Rudolph, C. W., Katz, I. M., Lavigne, K. N., & Zacher, H. (2017). Job crafting: A meta-analysis of relationships with individual differences, job characteristics, and work outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 102, 112–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.05.008
Savickas, M. L. (1994). Vocational Psychology in the Postmodern Era: Comment on Richardson (1993). In Journal of Counseling Psychology (Vol. 41, Issue 1).
Savickas, M. L. (1997). Career adaptability: An integrative construct for life-span, life-space theory. Career Development Quarterly, 45(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1997.tb00469.x
Savickas, M. L. (2010). Life Design A Paradigm for Career Intervention in the 21st Century.
Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2011). Revision of the career maturity inventory: The adaptability form. Journal of Career Assessment, 19(4), 355–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711409342
Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The Measurement Of Engagement And Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach.
Seibert, S. E., Crant, M., & Kraimer, M. L. (1999). Proactive Personality and Career Suceess.
Shin, Y., Hur, W. M., & Choi, W. H. (2020). Coworker support as a double-edged sword: a moderated mediation model of job crafting, work engagement, and job performance. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(11), 1417–1438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1407352
Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.009
Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Derks, D., & van Rhenen, W. (2013). Job Crafting at the Team and Individual Level: Implications for Work Engagement and Performance. Group & Organization Management, 38(4), 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601113492421
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-Role Behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305
Yiwen, F., & Hahn, J. (2021). Job insecurity in the covid‐19 pandemic on counterproductive work behavior of millennials: A time‐lagged mediated and moderated model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168354
Zhu, G., Wolff, S. B., Hall, D. T. (Tim), Heras, M. Las, Gutierrez, B., & Kram, K. (2013). Too much or too little? A study of the impact of career complexity on executive adaptability. Career Development International, 18(5), 457–483. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-07-2012-0067.
Published
2024-06-10
How to Cite
Nerissa, L. E., & Rachmawati, R. (2024). Impact of Proactive Personality and Career Adaptability on In-Role Performance through Job Crafting and Work Engagement in Indonesian Millennial Generation. Kontigensi : Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, 12(1), 88-97. https://doi.org/10.56457/jimk.v12i1.519
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