Modeling Consumer Intention to Use Electric Vehicles in Indonesia: Extending UTAUT2 with Risk, Trust, and Digital Literacy
Keywords:
Electric vehicles, UTAUT2, Perceived Risk, Trust, Digital Literasi, Behavior Intention
Abstract
The transition toward sustainable mobility has positioned electric vehicles (EVs) as a strategic solution to reduce carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. However, the adoption rate of EVs in Indonesia remains relatively low, indicating the need to better understand the factors influencing consumer adoption intentions. This study aims to examine consumers’ behavioral intention to adopt electric vehicles in Indonesia by extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) with perceived risk, trust, and digital literacy. A quantitative research design was employed using a cross-sectional survey of 185 respondents who are familiar with electric vehicle technology. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4. The results indicate that UTAUT2 has a significant positive effect on consumers’ behavioral intention to adopt electric vehicles. Furthermore, perceived risk was found to negatively mediate the relationship between UTAUT2 and behavioral intention, while trust and digital literacy positively mediate this relationship. These findings suggest that although technological benefits encourage EV adoption, psychological barriers and digital readiness play a crucial role in shaping consumer intentions. This study contributes to the technology adoption and sustainable mobility literature by providing an extended UTAUT2 model tailored to the Indonesian context. Practically, the findings offer insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders to develop strategies that reduce perceived risk, enhance trust, and improve digital literacy to accelerate electric vehicle adoption in Indonesia.References
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Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Becker, J. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003
Sin, H. K., & Ismail, K. (2021). Perceived risk and trust in purchase intention towards generic drugs in Malaysia. Jurnal Pengurusan, 61. https://doi.org/10.17576/pengurusan-2021-61-02
Uljanah, L., Ruiati, N., Mayadawi, T., Wicaksono, T., & Zamilah, E. (2024). User Adoption of Electric Motorcycles: An Investigation of UTAUT 2 Framework. https://doi.org/10.31602/.v0i0.15606
Utami, M. W. Dela, Yuniaristanto, & Sutopo, W. (2020). Adoption Intention Model of Electric Vehicle in Indonesia. Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri, 19(1), 70–81.
Ajanovic, A., & Haas, R. (2018). Electric vehicles: Solution or new problem? Environ. Dev. Sustain., 20, 7–22.
Alhomaid, A. (2025). Building Trust in Sustainable Journeys: The Interplay Between Green Marketing, Green Brand Trust, and Tourism Purchase Intentions. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188464
Ates, H., & Polat, M. (2025). Exploring adoption of humanoid robots in education: UTAUT-2 and TOE models for science teachers. Education and Information Technologies, 30(9), 12765–12806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13344-8
Bellet, T., & Banet, A. (2023). UTAUT4-AV: An extension of the UTAUT model to study intention to use automated shuttles and the societal acceptance of different types of automated vehicles. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 99, 239–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2023.10.007
Brelje, B., & Anderson, J. (2020). Battery Technology for Electric Vehicles: Trends and Challenges. Energy Reports, 6, 285–301.
Bryła, P., Chatterjee, S., & Ciabiada-Bryła, B. (2023). Consumer Adoption of Electric Vehicles: A Systematic Literature Review. In Energies (Vol. 16, Issue 1). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010205
Chen, L., Rashidin, M. S., Song, F., Wang, Y., Javed, S., & Wang, J. (2021). Determinants of Consumer’s Purchase Intention on Fresh E-Commerce Platform: Perspective of UTAUT Model. SAGE Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211027875
Chen, Y.-S., & Chang, C.-H. (2012). Enhance green purchase intentions: The roles of green perceived value, green perceived risk, and green trust. . Management Decision, 50(3), 502–520.
Fauzi, M. R., Saimi, S., & Fathoni, F. (2024). Tantangan dan Solusi Administrasi Kesehatan di Era Digital ( Tinjauan Literature Review atas Implementasi Teknologi ). AL-MIKRAJ Jurnal Studi Islam Dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584), 5(01), 1093–1103. https://doi.org/10.37680/almikraj.v5i01.6219
Guandalini, I. (2022). Sustainability through digital transformation: A systematic literature review for research guidance. Journal of Business Research, 148, 456–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.05.003
Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027
Harisandi, P., Yahya, A., & Purwanto. (2025). Modeling Female user’s Intention To Use Health Apps In Indonesia: UTAUT 2 with Risk And Attitude. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi, 12(1), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v12i1.54077
IEA. (2023). International Energy Agency (IEA). Global EV Outlook 2023.
Jiang, Q., Wei, W., Guan, X., & Yang, D. (2021). What Increases Consumers’ Purchase Intention of Battery Electric Vehicles from Chinese Electric Vehicle Start-Ups? Taking NIO as an Example. World Electronic Vechicle, 12(71).
Jun, J., Park, H., & Cho, I. (2019). Study on initial adoption of advanced driver assistance system: integrated model of PMT and UTAUT 2. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 30(sup1), S83–S97. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2019.1665820
Kumar, R. R., & Alok, K. (2020). Adoption of electric vehicle: A literature review and prospects for sustainability. In Journal of Cleaner Production (Vol. 253). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119911
Mitchell, V. (1999). Consumer perceived risk: conceptualisations and models. In European Journal of Marketing (Vol. 33, Issues 1–2, pp. 163–195). Emerald Group Holdings Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569910249229
President of Republic of Indonesia. (2019). Peraturan Presiden Nomor 55 Tahun 2019 tentang Percepatan Program Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai (Battery Electric Vehicle) untuk Transportasi Jalan; Indonesia.
Puttamanjaiah, R., Thangamuthu, M., Thangamani, D., & Patil, H. (2024). Consumer Adoption Behaviour of Smart, Green, and Sustainable Building Materials for Future Cities and Environment: Extension of UTAUT 2 Model. Future Cities and Environment, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/fce.273
Ritchie, H., Rosado, P., & Roser, M. (2023). “CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Climate Watch.
Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2024). Air Pollution. OurWorldinBank.
Rivaldi, R., Pratama, D., & Renny, R. (2022). THE ROLE OF BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS TO USE MOBILE BANKING: APPLICATION OF THE UTAUT2 METHOD WITH SECURITY, TRUST AND RISK FACTORS. 3(4). https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v3i4.1141
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Becker, J. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003
Sin, H. K., & Ismail, K. (2021). Perceived risk and trust in purchase intention towards generic drugs in Malaysia. Jurnal Pengurusan, 61. https://doi.org/10.17576/pengurusan-2021-61-02
Uljanah, L., Ruiati, N., Mayadawi, T., Wicaksono, T., & Zamilah, E. (2024). User Adoption of Electric Motorcycles: An Investigation of UTAUT 2 Framework. https://doi.org/10.31602/.v0i0.15606
Utami, M. W. Dela, Yuniaristanto, & Sutopo, W. (2020). Adoption Intention Model of Electric Vehicle in Indonesia. Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri, 19(1), 70–81.
Published
2026-01-12
How to Cite
Harisandi, P., Alim, S., Purwanto, P., & Kusumawati, H. (2026). Modeling Consumer Intention to Use Electric Vehicles in Indonesia: Extending UTAUT2 with Risk, Trust, and Digital Literacy. Kontigensi : Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, 13(2), 1328-1340. https://doi.org/10.56457/jimk.v13i2.910
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